![]() We focused our analysis on bioRxiv and medRxiv, 2 growing preprint servers for biomedical research, investigating the attributes of COVID-19 preprints, their access and usage rates, as well as characteristics of their propagation on online platforms. The scientific community has responded rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic, releasing over 125,000 COVID-19–related scientific articles within 10 months of the first confirmed case, of which more than 30,000 were hosted by preprint servers. Although the most recent respiratory viral pandemic swept the globe only a decade ago, the way science operates and responds to current events has experienced a cultural shift in the interim. The virus underlying the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused over 98 million confirmed cases and 2.2 million deaths since January 2020. The world continues to face a life-threatening viral pandemic. Future research should investigate the psychological and behavioural effects of interfering with WIMDs in order to mitigate the future risks of mass panic and societal disruption. Greater attention should be given to the direct threat to life that hacks to WIMDs could cause, as well as the possibility for coordinated attempts to disrupt large medical networks. This is due to the unique vulnerability of this technology combined with the recent tendency to focus on data privacy issues when considering the potential impact of cybersecurity breaches. The present and future national security risks associated with the emergence of WIMDs are likely to be underestimated. WIMDs may be hacked by malicious actors to administer fatal individual attacks or to overwhelm and disrupt critical infrastructure. ![]() Despite boasting an array of potential benefits, the increased prevalence of WIMDs poses a threat to patient safety and national security. The combination of big data practices with this emerging technology may provide vital insights into disease patterns and help to generate innovative health solutions. Data collection via networks of WIMDs promises to revolutionise healthcare by providing timely and effective diagnosis and delivery of care. Unsolved research problems remain, but the Two Envelopes Problem and similar are not among them.The popularity of Wearable and Implantable Medical Devices (WIMDs) has risen dramatically in recent years and this technology is expected to be integrated into expanding medical networks in the years ahead. Conclusion: risk management for InfoSec is complicated and subtle, but that only means it should be done with care and with the appropriate tools, methods, and frameworks. Either way, a reframing into a “possible worlds” analysis resolves the paradoxes and accurately evaluates the decision alternatives for both problems. However, Luther made some mistakes in formulating the InfoSec problem and thus the lessons from Two Envelopes Problem don’t apply. Then he posed an analogous problem in information security, with the claim that probabilistic analysis would show that new security investments are unjustified. To backup his point, he uses the example of the Two Envelopes Problem in Bayesian (subjectivist) probability, which can lead to paradoxes. Luther Martin, blogger with Voltage Security, has advised caution about using of risk risk management methods for information security, saying it’s “too complicated and subtle” and may lead decision-makers astray. ![]() Is risk management too complicated and subtle for InfoSec?
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